Hollow fiber membranes provide a compelling approach for water treatment applications due to their unique geometric characteristics and exceptional performance. These tubular structures, composed of composite materials, possess a large contact area to volume ratio, enabling efficient separation of contaminants from water. The asymmetrical nature o

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their potential to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR efficiency is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The structure of the module, including the type of membrane material, pore size, and surface area, directly impacts ma